TITLE The Role of Parent Involvement in Children's Academic Achievement: A Review of the Literature. Trends and

This literature review examines patterns of parent-child involvement that foster high academic achievement and descriLes effective parent involvement programs. Parents affect their children's academic achievement through cognitive socialization, the development of basic intelligence; and academic socialization, the development of attitudes and motives essential for school learning. Cognitive socialization is developed through the following parent practices: (1) encouraging active learniL,; (2) developing psychological distancing; (3) creating a context for new learning; and (4) structuring information to provide a "scaffold " for problem solving. Academic socialization is associated with the following parent practices: (1) attributing success to ability; (2) implementing supportive strategies; (3) communicating high expectations for academic success; and (4) expecting high caree