First, I wish to acknowledge my advisor. Dr. Gary Stewart Elbow for his wise, patient, and generous guidance. I also express my gratitude to the rest of the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Safei-Eldin Abdelhamid Hamed, Dr. Saif-ul Haq, and Dr. Aaron Robert Meskin, for their methodological, scientific, and philosophical suggestions and recommendations. All of them were very encouraging and supportive with my study. I also recognize Dr. Michael Anthony Jones, my former advisor, for his stimulus to investigate a problem on urban aesthetics. I thank the Graduate School of Texas Tech University for awarding me the Chancellor's Endowed Scholarship, the Summer Thesis/Dissertation Award, and, especially, the Elo and Olga Urbanovsky E...