Anticipatory Responses (ARs)

The study of anticipation is now a multidisciplinary theme, and there is a significant body of evidence in psychology and neurobiology indicating the presence of several antici-patory mechanisms in the brain. Soon, Brass, Heinze, and Haynes (2008) and a review by van Boxtel and Böcker (2004) of cortical measures of anticipation, highlight the crucial role of anticipation in a large array of cognitive func-tionalities such as vision, motor control, learning, and moti-vational and emotional dynamics (see also the Editorial of special issue of Cognitive Processes of Pezzulo, Hoffmann, & Falcone, 2007). Since the pioneering study of Bechara, Damasio, Tanel, and Damasio (1997), there has been a growing interest in the study of the characteristics and the prediction accuracy of psychophysiological signals (e.g., skin conductance, hear