Sensitive detection and early prognostic signifi cance of p24 antigen in heatdenatured plasma of human immunodefi ciency virus type 1-infected infants

Immune complex formation causes underdetection of p24 antigen in human immunodefi-ciency virus (HIV) infection. Brieflyboiling diluted plasma releases all complexed antigen, which can then be measured by some commercial assays. In a retrospective pediatric cohort study, the specificity of this procedure in 390 uninfected samples was 96.9 % after initial testing and 100% after neutralization. Sensitivity among 125 postnatal infected samples was, at a detection of 2 pg/ml., 96.0 % (97 % neutralizable) compared with 47.7 % for regular antigen (76 % neutraliz-able), 96 % for polymerase chain reaction, and 77 % for viral culture. The high sensitivity and specificity of heat-denatured antigen was confirmed by prospectively testing 113 additional sam-ples. Quantitative analysis of samples from infected infants showed low levelsof p24 antigen in 29 % of cord blood sera, a postnatal increase to levels that were during the first 6 months of life inversely associated with survival, and persistence of antigenemia thereafter independent of clini-cal status. Prevalence and antigen levels were significantly lower in mothers. The persistent antigenemia in children indicates that their immune systems cannot restrict HIV expression as efficiently as those of adults. Detection ofhuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV