Group and the Diabetes and Cancer Research Consortium

Aims/hypothesis The evidence on the association between pioglitazone use and bladder cancer is contradictory, with many studies subject to allocation bias. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of exposure to pioglitazone on bladder cancer risk internationally across several cohorts. The potential for allocation bias was minimised by focusing on the cumulative effect of pioglitazone as the primary end-point using a time-dependent approach. Methods Prescription, cancer and mortality data from people with type 2 diabetes were obtained from six populations across the world (British Columbia