Fire risk in Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) plantations under various temperature and wind conditions

Abstract – The Austrian pine (Pinus nigra), an introduced conifer in Hungary, forms a highly flammable vegetation type. The fire risk of such stands was examined using McArthur’s empirical forest fire danger model. Our study focused on the effects of tem-perature and wind speed on fire behaviour. By keeping the input parameters of the model constant while changing temperature andwind speedwithin a specified interval the result-ing fire danger index (FDI) and fire behaviour were examined. The applied fixed parame-ters were: 30 °C temperature, 30 % relative humidity, 30 km h–1 wind speed, 30 degree of slope and drought factor value 10. The annual trends of the Byram-Keetch drought index (BKDI) and the drought factor were also calculated. Our results show that increasing tem-perature and wind speed raises the FDI, flame height, rate of fire spread (ROS) and spot-ting distance. The amount of fuel does not influence the FDI, but increasing the amount promotes the ROS and raises the flame height. Wind speed was the most important factor in the ROS. A serious fire risk of these plantations was determined. The reliability of McArthur’s model was proved by comparison of our results with experimental laboratory data based on literature