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ive nne az. tio tor and y is the analyzed on the progeny obtained after fertilization with differentially DDS. Massive gene expression (GE; 61 657 unique probes) was analyzed after hatching using microarrays. Trout oocytes are easily fertilized with DDS and the high prolificacy allows live progeny to be point to an essential role of the paternal chromatin in the et al. 2010a). In addition, DDS has been related with et al. 2009, Lim et al. 2009, Zini & Sigman 2009, et al. 2013) and easily accumulate DNA lesions. DNA et al. 2009). Mammalian oocytes express genes in-aled in the t stages of ry required generation until the embryo genome is fully activated. Fertilization Schulte et al. 2010, Zini 2011). Apart from intrinsicDOI: 10.1530/REP-14-0382factors acting during spermatogenesis, many external q 2015 Society for Reproduction and Fertilityof oocytes from female mice defective in DNA repair machinery has demonstrated that this is a key factor inlater paternal effects such as abnormal weight at birth, higher susceptibility to certain diseases, or even premature aging (Evenson & Wixon 2006, Bowdin et al. 2007, Fernandez-Gonzalez et al. 2008, Barroso volved in all DNA repair pathways, as reve transcriptome analyses performed at differen maturation providing the regulatory machine to avoid transmitting mutations into the nextgenetic control of the first events occurring after fertilization (Carrell & Hammoud 2010, Speyer et al. 2010, Ward 2010). Fertilization with DNA damaged spermatozoa (DDS) is considered as an important factor leading to implantation failures and abortions both i