REVIEW ARTICLE t

Synthetic pyrethroids and neonicoti-noids are the most readily available alternatives to the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Pyre-throids have become widely used in California, and problems with insecticide resistance and nontarget impacts have already been identi-fied. Neonicotinoids are a new class of insecticide with uses only now being realized. Managing insecticide resistance will be crucial to preserv-ing these new materials as organo-phosphate uses are lost. Insecticides are often referred to as having a broad or narrow spectrum o