The Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ;

sive hierarchical measure of normal personality variation. It has evolved over many cycles of an exploratory test con-struction process (Tellegen & Waller, 2008). Hallmark of the exploratory approach to test construction is its bidirec-tional process in formulating and demarcating concepts: data collection serves the purpose of examining and possi-bly changing the trait constructs that initially guided the test construction effort. The MPQ provides coverage of a range of traits encompassing the domains of temperament, inter-personal and imaginative style, and behavioral regulation. Strengths of the MPQ include its strong interconnection with personality theories, its convergence with important psychobiological structures as well as with recent conceptu-alizations in psychopathology research. Another strength of the MPQ is the inclusion of validity scales such as True Response Inconsistency (TRIN) and Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN) that help identify various response sets. These response sets may invalidate personality infer-ences, and the ability to make statistically informed judg-ments on this issue has proven useful in both clinical settings for individual case evaluations (Baer & Miller