CHAPTER IX Programed Instruction in Science and Mathematics

although there is one article that appeared as late as December 1963. No general review of the history and nature of programed instruction is presented; general familiarity with programed instruction on the part of the reader is necessarily assumed. The reader who is not acquainted with programed learning and teaching machines should consult a basic text, such as the volume edited by Lumsdaine and Glaser (1960). In Programs, '63 (Hanson, 1963), 69 programs in the natural sciences and 123 programs in mathematics are listed. This compilation represents about 55 percent of the total number of programs developed in all subject matter areas. Although some aspects of almost any academic subject can be programed, science and mathematics are numerical leaders of the field. To a great extent, this frequent use of programed instruction in science and mathematics is reflected in the amount of research in these disciplines. It is not a purpose of this chapter to survey developments in the curricu