Sex differences in computing participation: concerns, extent, reasons and strategies

Drawing on recent Australian and overseas research, this review provides an overview of the main issues recurring in the literature relevant to sex differences in computing participation. The major concerns reflect requirements for citizenship, development of cognitive abilities, employment opportunities, and national development. Sex differ-ences favour males in overall computer use, course enrolments, programming and games, although there are few sex differences in the use of computer applications. Explanations focus on sex-based differences in expected outcomes. These expectations arise from cultural beliefs about competence, differences in the outcomes of computer experience, associations of computing with mathematics, technology and maleness, attitudes of parents and teachers, and preferences for sex segregation. Strategies for increasing female participation are provided. This paper provides an integrated summary of the main themes emerging from the diverse literature on the issue of sex differences in computing participation. It does not claim to be a comprehensive review of all studies in the area, but it provides a flavour of this work and integrates an array of often fragmented writ