ýýisalc, ANSRP Invasive Marine and Estuarine Animals of Hawai'i and other Pacific Islands

PURPOSE: New species of estuarine and marine animals are inadvertently or intentionally intro-duced into the waters of the United States every year (Figure 1). Variously referred to as introduced, nonindigenous (NIS), alien, nonnative, or exotic species, most pose little or no threat; however, a few have the potential to disrupt local ecosystems, fisheries, and human infrastructure. Such invasions directly impact the mission of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) through its responsibilities for construction and maintenance of harbors, ports, and waterways; erosion control; management of water resources; and wetland and coastal habitat restoration. The general biology and ecology of invasive estuarine and marine animals have been described in previous reports (e.g., Carlton (2001), Ray (2005)). This report is part of a series describing the biology and ecology of known invasive estuarine and marine animals in the major geographic regions of the United States. Invasive animals of the North Atlantic region are described and examples of species posing a specific threat to USACE activities are identified. BACKGROUND: Invasive species are offi-cially defined as "alien species whose intro-duction does or is likely to cause economic o