Relationship between Smoking and Human

Background. Smoking may increase the risk of cervical cancer, a disease that is related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, the effects of smoking on the natural history of HPV are poorly understood, especially in women coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods. HIV-infected ( ) and HIV-uninfected ( ) women were assessed every 6 months fornp 1797 np 496 type-specific HPV DNA. Smoking status was self-reported. Covariates included age, parity, sexual behavior, HIV load, CD4+ T cell count, and antiretroviral therapy. Results. Smoking was positively associated with HPV prevalence at baseline in HIV-infected women (Pp) and was significantly associated with type-specific HPV detection (e.g., type 18, odds ratio [OR], 2.45; 95%.002 confidence interval [CI], 1.86–3.22). In Cox models, detection of HPV was significantly associated with smoking in HIV-infected women (relative hazard [RH], 1.33; 95 % CI, 1.10–1.60;), but HPV persistence was notPp.003 (RH, 0.97; 95 % CI, 80–1.16;). The overall likelihood of acquiring persistent HPV was higher in smokersPp.72 (OR, 1.39; 95 % CI, 1.05–1.86; ) because of greater incidence.Pp.023 Conclusions. Among HIV-infected women, smoking is associated with a significantly higher prevalence an