A Novel Neuroprotectant Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor

Background and Purpose—Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a growth factor that orchestrates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic progenitor cells. It has been used for many years in clinical practice to accelerate the recovery of patients from neutropenia after cytotoxic therapy. However, there is a growing body of evidence from experimental studies suggesting that G-CSF also has important nonhematopoietic functions in the central nervous system. Summary of Review—The presence of the G-CSF/G-CSF–receptor system in the brain and its role in neuroprotection and neural tissue repair has been investigated in many recent studies. The neuroprotective actions of G-CSF have mainly been attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. Furthermore, it induces neurogenesis and angiogenesis and improves functional recovery. In this review, we summarize the role of G-CSF and the corresponding signal transduction pathways regulated by G-CSF in neuroprotection. Conclusions—Much additional work is needed to better understand the precise mechanisms of G-CSF–induced neu-roprotection. However, there is emerging data suggesting that G-CSF is a potential new agent for neuroprotection. (Stroke. 2006;37:1123-1128.) Key Words: granulocyte-colony stimulating factor growth factor neuroprotection stem cell stroke The use of growth factors as neuroprotective agents forvarious types of neurological disorders has been unde