In Vitro Optimization of Dexamethasone Phosphate Delivery by Iontophoresis

Background and Purpose. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of competing ions and electroosmosis on the transdermal iontophoresis of dexameth-asone phosphate (Dex-Phos) and to identify the optimal conditions for its delivery. Methods. The experiments were performed using pig skin, in side-by-side diffu-sion cells (0.78 cm2), passing a constant current of 0.3 mA via Ag-AgCl electrodes. Dex-Phos transport was quantified for donor solutions (anodal and cathodal) con-taining different drug concentrations, with and without background electrolyte. Electrotransport of co-ion, citrate, and counterions Na and K also was quantified. The contribution of electroosmosis was evaluated by measuring the transport of the neutral marker (mannitol). Results. Electromigration was the dominant mechanism of drug iontophoresis, and reduction in electroosmotic flow directed against the cathodic delivery of Dex-Phos did not improve drug delivery. The Dex-Phos flux from the cathode was found to be optimal (transport number of0.012) when background electrolyte was excluded from the formulation. In this case, transport of the drug is limited princi-pally by the competition with counterions (mainly Na with a transport number of 0.8) and the mobility of the drug in the membrane. Discussion and Conclusion. Dex-Phos must be delivered from the cathode and formulated rationally, excluding mobile co-anions, to achieve optimal ionto-phoretic delivery