RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Objectives

We sought to describe the range of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among women and children living with smokers around the world and gen-erate locally relevant data to motivate the development of tobacco control policies and interventions in developing countries. Methods. In 2006, we conducted a cross-sectional exposure survey to measure air nicotine concentrations in households and hair nicotine concentrations among nonsmoking women and children in convenience samples of 40 households in 31 countries. Results. Median air nicotine concentration was 17 times higher in households with smokers (0.18 µg/m3) compared with households without smokers (0.01 µg/ m3). Air nicotine and hair nicotine concentrations in women and children in-creased with the number of smokers in the household. The dose–response rela-tionship was steeper among children. Air nicotine concentrations increased an estimated 12.9 times (95 % confidence interval=9.4, 17.6) in households allowing smoking inside compared with those prohibiting smoking inside. Conclusions. Our results indicate that women and children living with smokers are at increased risk of premature death and disease from exposure to SHS. Inter-ventions to protect women and children from household SHS need to be strength