White university students’ responses to societal racism: An qualitative investigation. The Counseling Psychologist

The purpose of this investigation was to extend earlier conceptual and empirical litera-ture on the ways in which White individuals respond to societal racism. To this end, the authors conducted in-depth interviews to examine 11 midwestern, non-Hispanic, White university students ’ reactions and experiences related to individual and institutional forms of racism perpetrated against people of color. We used the consensual qualitative research method to analyze these data. Results suggested that White students varied in their understanding of and responses to racism. Three topic domains, each consisting of a number of subcategories, reflected participants ’ varied responses to racism: (a) affec-tive, (b) social, and (c) cognitive. Findings add to the existing literature by identifying in greater depth the multiple ways in which dominant group members respond to societal racism. Limitations and future research directions are discussed. People of color face serious daily injustices because of racism, includ-ing psychological costs (e.g., Feagin & McKinny, 2003), higher levels of stress (e.g., Murrell, 1996), and poorer physical and mental health than Whites (e.g., Williams, Neighbors, & Jackson, 2003). In addition, Whit