1.1. Heavy Metal an...

Atmosphere, earth and water compose the environment. The presence of heavy metals in the en-vironment has grown because of their large employment in some industrial and agricultural activ-ities. Although these metals are terrestrial products, they flow into the sea through effluents and sewage or are directly discharged from industries placed on the seawater front. It should be con-sidered that metals concentrations vary widely according to different seawater latitudes and depths and can be strongly influenced by fresh water discharges from heavily polluted rivers. In this review recent studies on heavy metal pollution in marine ecosystems and their organisms will be presented. Metal speciation, bioaccumulation in biota, as well as abiotic and biotic factors af-fecting their bioavailability will be reviewed. Moreover, the use of bioindicator organisms for the biomonitoring of heavy metal toxicity and their ecological effects will be defined. Many marine invertebrate species fulfill the following criteria: Sensitivity to a wide range of chemicals (espe-cially to heavy metals), cost-effectiveness for repeatable tests, readily interpretable biological con-sequences of pollution. Among the most important marine invertebrates used as bioindicators, th