Study on General Geometrical Modeling of Single Yarn with 3D Twist Effect

Much of the previous work relating the 3D geometrical modeling of the single yarn, such as Liao and Adanur [1], Lin and Newton [2], Jiang and Chen [3], Zhong et al. [4], Lomov and Verpoest [5], Sherburn [6], and Kayacan and Kurbak [7], is based on Peirce’s model. These works have been proved successful to some extent, but are not suffi-ciently photorealistic. Furthermore, most of these yarn models are of uniform cross sections, which does not nec-essarily reflect real-world situations and thus restricts their usage. Li et al. [8] proposed a method to model a non-uni-form 3D yarn by measuring the diameter of the yarn at intervals, but was unable to integrate this into yarn design-ing. Xu et al. [9] developed a photorealistic yarn model, but the idea seems to be ineffective in outputting the 3D geometrical structure of the yarn. In Zheng and Huan