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and Management provide insight into how collective bargaining affects the teaching profession, educational policy, and student achievement. Charles Kerchner's report links a three-stage labor relations model with an analysis of teaching as work. His case studies, besides revealing wide variations in contract interpretation, indicate that reliance on collective bargaining tends to rigidify the teaching profession. Accordingly, he categorizes teachers that may resist formalization and speculates on the consequences of resistance. Steven Goldschmidt and others have explored the extent and effects of bargaining over policy issues. An 80-contract sample contained many provisions that focused on policy; contrary to previous findings, bargaining over many policy issues had continued to increase after 1975. Unlike Kerchner, Goldschmidt's team found contracts uniformly applied. Their study also suggests that policy bargaining may influence school effectiveness. Finally, Randall Eberts and Joe A