The first segway soccer experience: towards peer-to-peer human-robot teams

In this paper, we focus on human-robot interaction in a team task where we identify the need for peer-to-peer (P2P) teamwork, with no fixed hierarchy for decision making be-tween robots and humans. Instead, all team members are equal participants and decision making is truly distributed. We have fully developed a P2P team within Segway Soccer, a research domain, built upon Robocup robot soccer, that we have introduced to explore the challenge of P2P coor-dination in human-robot teams with dynamic, adversarial tasks. We recently participated in the first Segway Soccer games between two competing teams at the 2005 RoboCup US Open. We believe these games are the first ever between two human-robot P2P teams. Based on the competition, we realized two different approaches to P2P teams. We present our robot-centric approach to P2P team coordination and contrast it to the human-centric approach of the opponent team