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Acknowledgements I am grateful to Almighty God for giving me strength to complete this project and for giving me the opportunity to work such tremendous people who supported me all the way. To Karen, my wife, your support and constant encouragement helped make this project a reality. Thank you for being understanding even at the expense of your personal needs. To Doctor Jonathan Meiers, I thank you for inspiring and challenging me to accomplish this task. Your insight and encouragement thrOUghOllt the entire research process provided me with a memorable experience that I'll carry with me throughout life. To Doctor Reza Kazemi, thank you for your enthusiastic support during all phases of my research. Your technical skills in designing the impact testing machine, your creative insight into combining impact testing with microleakage assessment as well as your technical help in preparing this manuscript, made this project possible. To Doctor Ashraf Fouad, your attention to detail, your critical analysis of th