Update to the propagation and establishment of aquatic plants handbook

Man-made reservoirs initially lack aquatic plants, and their operation for flood protection or water supply may result in extreme water level fluctuations that hinder natural establishment. In many cases natural establishment could take decades or even longer. In the interim these reservoirs provide relatively poor aquatic habitat and water quality. Unvegetated aquatic ecosystems are also at risk of invasion by problematic, nonindigenous species. These unvegetated man-made systems would benefit from establish-ment of native aquatic plants. Even natural ecosystems such as lakes and ponds may have lost their aquatic flora due to chronic disturbance or long-term vegetation management. These systems also often suffer impaired water quality, are at risk of re-invasion by exotic species, and would benefit from native plant restoration. This report describes updated techniques for production of plant propagules and their use for establishment of native plant communities in unvegetated freshwater ecosystems. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are no