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In last century, the discovery of semiconductors, the invention of transistors and the creation of the integrated circuit brought a revolution in the field of computation, which marked the foundation of computers and information technology. In 21 st century, miniaturization of size, integration of functions, and digitization of data is a global trend in every branch of technology. The chemical and biological laboratory technology is also witnessing booming trend towards miniaturization, integration, and digitization of laboratory experiments. The advantages of this trend include ultra-low reagent consumption, wide scope for parallelization and integration, increased reaction speed, and possibility of extreme portability. The ultimate goal of miniaturization, integration and digitization in chemical and biological laboratory technology is to automate all the reaction steps―reagent metering, concentration gradient generation, mixing, incubation and detection―with sub microliter-scale chip, which are popularly termed as lab-on-a