Multivariate analysis of variance

We provide an expository presentation f multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for both consumers of research and investigators by capitalizing on its relation to univariate analysis of variance models. We address everal questions: (a) Why should one use MANOVA. 9 (b) What is the structure of MANOVA? (C) How are MANOVA test statistics obtained and interpreted? (d) How are MANOVA follow-up tests obtained and interpreted? (e) How is strength of association assessed in MANOVA. 9(f) HOW should the results of MANOVA be presented? (g) Are there any alternatives to MANOVA. 9We use an example data set throughout the article to illustrate these points. Readers of psychological journals have probably observed that the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is the most prevalent statistical model for the analysis of data in the discipline. ANOVA models are popular because of their rich develop-mental history, because they include a vast array of designs that can address most typical research situations, and because of the wide availability of computer programs that can be used to perform the calculations. One can get a sense of ho