Sequential Data Analysis

The collection of observational data in natural settings and in real time requires equipment that is light and easily used, and programs that permit rapid and flexible encoding of data. This paper describes a set of four programs for collecting and analyzing continuous time sample, focal-individual data as described by J. Altmann (1974), using a lightweight lap-top computer, the Toshiba T-1000. The programs are: (1) FOCAL, the data entry program; (2) SCAN, which adds the number of events and trials, total time observed, and number of days during which data were collected; (3) KAPPA, which assesses reliabilities for single codes and codes combined into new categories; and (4) LAG, for sequential analyses. The programs can be used on any IBM-compatible machine and can generate reliabilities (percent agreement and kappa), rates, frequencies, and conditional probabilities with their "z"-scores for the data. The data and report files created by these programs are DOS text files. Five figures provide sample outputs from the four programs. (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ************************x********************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIO