POLICYFORUM T

he global nuclear enterprise, the activ-ities and infrastructure that support both weapons and civil energy pro-grams, is facing signifi cant challenges. In the 26 years since Chernobyl, the nuclear power industry has strengthened its safety practices, yet Fukushima demonstrates the fragility of the civil nuclear enterprise. Despite an admi-rable record and fi rm commitment to make safety a primary criterion in weapons design, production, handling, and deployment, and to ensure that nuclear material is protected against theft, there is growing apprehension about terrorists acquiring weapons or nuclear material. We outline key principles and rec-ommendations aimed at weak points in the world’s nuclear enterprises. Active nuclear diplomacy has grown out of Cold War efforts to regulate testing and reduce nuclear arsenals and roll back and prevent the proliferation of nuclear weap-ons. The Nunn-Lugar program, started in 1991 to reduce the nuclear arsenal of the for-mer Soviet Union, has led to greater invest-ment by the United States and other govern-ments in better security for nuclear weapons and material globally, including billions of dollars through the G8 Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materi-als of Mass Destruction. In 2010, 47 world leaders committed to improve the security of all dangerous nuclear material on the globe within 4 years, an agreement reconfi rmed i