Curvature of the Hubble Diagram for Type Ia Supernovae and Gamma-ray Bursts as Empirical Evidence of a Curved, Static and Spatially Closed Cosmos

The Big Bang paradigm observed universe is hypothesised as virtual lens effect. The observer’s flat light cone used to observe the sky would generate this by intersecting an actual curved, static and spatially closed cosmos. Its curved space-time would have tilting time axis and be fractal in time. The Hubble length is the only empirical data input needed in the topology, tangent to the curved frame at 60 ◦ time axis tilting from the observer, for reciprocal transferability between curved space-time and lens effect. This specifies a 30 ◦ angle between the space axis and the speed of light c vector, and a 60 ◦ angle between the time axis and the speed of light c vector. These allow measuring the curved frame. Here, brightness would discount fractality remaining unaffected, while redshift would be affected. Their relative differences are transferred from the static curved frame to the observed universe frame. Here, they represent the curvature of the Hubble diagram for the Type Ia Supernovae and Gamma-ray bursts empirical data. This provides empirical evidence of a lens effect and a curved, static and spatially closed cosmos. O Mary conceived without sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee Spirit of truth, enlighten and guide our research ∗This paper adds a lens effect factor to and synthesises the paper published in Tidningen Kulturen on 3 Nov. 2012. This paper is in the public domain