MEMORY SYSTEMS AND THE PSYCHOANALYTIC RETRIEVAL OF MEMORIES OF TRAUMA

Increasingly. psychoanalysis has confronted the issue of recovered memories of childhood trauma. Based on trauma research, the con-cept of a special traumatic memory has evolved. Overwhelming psy-chic experience is thought to generate a defensively altered state of consciousness (specifically dissociation), which encodes memory in unassimilated visual, somatic, and behavioral. rather than linguistic modes. Analytic reevocation and interpretation of the original af-tered states of consciousness then permits the transformation of “early ” traumatic memory into “later ” explicit memory. Examined from the vantage point of contemporary cognitive research and the-ory, underlying flaws may be found in these propositions when they are extended to patients without explicit memory of trauma: first, dissociation is a chameleonlike process, perhaps as closely associated with suggestibility as with trauma; second, state-dependent learning does not adequately account for the absence of explicit memory; and third, implicit memory does not map onto explicit memory in any direct or simple fashion. Consequently, the clinical application of current propositions about traumatic memory to patients without explicit memory of trauma may warrant considerable caution. Provi-sional guidelines are offered for estimating the validity of retrieved memories of trauma. econstruction of earlier events, circumstances, and experi- R ences has always been an integral facet of psychoanalytic practice. Over time, the nature of what has been reconstructed has shifted from suspected early sexual trauma (Freud, 1896) to more atmospheric afllective and ego states (Wetzler, 1985) and, most recently, back to suspected sexual trauma. Subtle trends are also visible within these shifts. For example, recon-structions relating to sexual events now appear to lean towar