Systematic Reviews and Meta- and Pooled Analyses Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality by Proteinuria and Reduced Kidney Function: Pooled Analysis of 39,000 Individuals From 7 Cohort Studies

There are limited studies addressing whether proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are independently associated with cardiovascular disease in Asia. Using data from 7 prospective cohorts recruited between 1980 and 1994 in Japan, we assessed the influence of proteinuria (≥1+ on dipstick) and reduced eGFR on the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in 39,405 participants (40–89 years) without kidney failure. During a 10.1-year follow-up, 1,927 subjects died from cardiovascular disease. Proteinuria was associated with a 1.75-fold (95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.44, 2.11) increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Additionally, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of cardiovascular disease mor-tality increased linearly with lower eGFR levels (Ptrend < 0.001): Subjects with eGFR of <45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 had a 2.22-fold (95 % CI: 1.60, 3.07) greater risk of cardiovascular disease mortality than those with eGFR of ≥90 mL/minute/1.73 m2. Subjects with both proteinuria and eGFR of <45 mL/minute/1.73 m2 had a 4.05-fold (95 % CI: 2.55, 6.43) higher risk of cardiovascular disease mortality compared with those with neither of these risk factors. There was no evidence of interaction in the relationship between proteinuria and lower eGFR (Pinteraction = 0.77). The present results suggest that proteinuria and lower eGFR are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality in the Japanese population