Testing models of counselor development with a measure of counseling self-efficacy. Journal of counseling and development

Models of counselor development have become very popular, but empirical research has found differences primarily between beginning graduate students and doctoral interns. In the research described here, a counseling self-efficacy instrument was developed and was used to test hy-potheses based on self-efficacy theory and models of counselor development, both of which would make similar predictions about increases in counseling self-efficacy resulting from clinical training and experience. The findings include strong reliability and validity evidence for the instrument and several significantly different groups of participants that correspond roughly to the groups hypothesized in stage models of counselor development. A s Holloway (1987) observed, developmental models of coun-selor training and supervision have become the zeitgeist insupervision theory and research. At least nine of these model