Commentary: Individual, ecological and multilevel fallacies

important and subtle insights about the fallacies of single-level research, be it at the individual or ecological level.1 The Authors urge epidemiologists to consider contexts and multilevel phenomena when investigating and explaining population health. They also criticize the late William S. Robinson and his classic 1950 paper, and methodological individualism (MI) as a research paradigm.2 Support comes from historical anecdotes, theory and a re-analysis of Robinson’s data. Assuming I understood it properly, I am in full agreement with the primary aim of the new paper. Epidemiologists, especially those interested in the effect of social forces on health, should consider contexts and multilevel phenomena. And as a genera