Variation in community intervention programmes and consequences for children and families: the example of Sure Start Local

Background: An area-based initiative, Sure Start Local Programmes (SSLPs), was established by the UK government to reduce social exclusion through improving the well-being of children aged 0–3 years and their families in disadvantaged communities; a true community intervention in that all children under four and their families in specified areas served as targets of universal services. A national evaluation examined the links between variation in programme implementation and effective-ness. Methods: Data gathered from multiple sources produced measures of implementation in terms of proficiency, services and staffing. Measures of programme impact on child/parenting outcomes derived from multilevel models, controlling for child, family and area characteristics, were identified to demonstrate programme effectiveness. Results: Some modest linkage between programme imple-mentation (e.g., proficiency, empowerment of parents and staff, identification of users) and effectiveness for child and parenting outcomes. Conclusions: Overall proficiency and specific aspects of imple-mentation may influence effectiveness, which should guide the design of other child, family and com-munity services. Keywords: Child development, parenting, community interventions, programm