Community Relationship; Social Action

A renewed call from national and state governments to strengthen connections between public schools and their communities invites people outside of the school system to play an active role in the decision-making process. Despite recent efforts to connect public schools and their communities, the two parties remain disconnected. This paper reflects on the historical literature on the development of public education from the 19th century to the present to understand the roots of this persistent disconnection. The first section establishes the initial connections between the public schools and their communities. These initial consensual connections, justified by public school crusaders, were fueled and supported by both public school representatives and their communities. The second section shows that the last two centuries witnessed the fracturing of the religious, political, and economic arguments for connection. I