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2005, 2009). Social interdependence the-ory posits that there are two types of social interdependence, positive (cooper-ative) and negative (competitive). Positive interdependence (i.e., cooperation) exists when individuals perceive that they can reach their goals if and only if the other individuals with whom they are coopera-tively linked also reach their goals.Negative interdependence (i.e., competition) exists when individuals perceive that they can obtain their goals if and only if the other individuals with whom they are compet-itively linked fail to obtain their goals. No interdependence (i.e., individualistic efforts) exists when individuals perceive that they can reach their goal regardless of whether other individuals in the situ-ation attain or do not attain their goals. The basic premise of social interdepen-dence theory is that the way in which inter-dependence is structured determines how individuals interact, and the interaction pattern determines the outcomes of th