Regulation of innate im

pathways by the tripar uit 01 bial pathogens. Host cells express components called pathogen-associated mo (PAMPs), including lipids, lipoproteins, proteins and nucleic acids (Kawai & Akira, 2009). PRRs activate intracellular ulatory molecules. embers of the Toll-such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages serve as key PRRs with central roles in the induction of innate immune responses as uding RIG-I, Mda5 and LGP2, which are ribonucleic acid (RNA) helicases that contain a DExD/H box RNA helicase domain recognize RNA species produced in the cytoplasm of a variety of cell types, including both immune and non-immune cells. The members, several of which form inflammasomes to respond to various pathogen components, small particles and diverse NLRs culminates in the activation of the nuclear factor kB (NF-Review TRIM regulation of innate immunity The innate immune system recognizes microbial components through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including membrane-bound Toll-like receptors and cytosolic receptors such as RIG-I-like receptors and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sensors. These PRRs trigger distinct signal transduction pathways that culminate in induction of an array of cytokines and other mediators required for host defense. The tripartite motif (TRIM) family is a diverse family of RING finger domain-containing proteins, which are involved in a variety of cellular functions. Importantly, recent studies have shown that they are also involved in the regulation of innate immune*Corresponding author: Tel: þ81 6 6879 8303, Fax: þ81 6 6879 8305