Programmable in Situ Amplification for Multiplexed Imaging of mRNA Expression

In situ hybridization methods enable the mapping of mRNA expression within intact biological samples 1,2. With current approaches, it is challenging to simultaneously map multiple target mRNAs within whole-mount vertebrate embryos 3–6 – a significant limitation in attempting to study interacting regulatory elements in systems most relevant to human development and disease. Here, we report a multiplexed fluorescent in situ hybridization method based on orthogonal amplification with hybridization chain reactions (HCR) 7. Using this approach, RNA probes complementary to mRNA targets trigger chain reactions in which fluorophore-labeled RNA hairpins self-assemble into tethered fluorescent amplification polymers. The programmability and sequence specificity of these amplification cascades enable multiple HCR amplifiers to operate orthogonally at the same time in the same sample. Robust performance is achieved when imaging five target mRNAs simultaneously in fixed whole-mount and sectioned zebrafish embryos. HCR amplifiers exhibit excellent sample penetration, high signal-to-background, and sharp signal localization. Each cell in a developing embryo contains the same genome, yet the regulatory circuit