POLICYFORUM T

he vast majority of nations have fallen far short of the Convention on Biolog-ical Diversity’s (CBD’s) 2010 target: to reduce the rate of loss of biodiversity ( 1, 2). This prompted the CBD to develop a new plan of action, supported by 20 “SMART” (specific, measurable, ambitious, realistic, and time-bound) targets for 2020 ( 3, 4). As the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP) of the CBD meets in Nagoya, Japan, to nego-tiate both plan and targets, it is critical that targets also be grounded in the real interests that people have in benefi ts provided by bio-diversity. To evaluate targets on this basis, we use the ecosyste