in

endangered Fennoscandian arctic fox has been well documented in recent years (Meijer et al., 2011). As environmental change in the Arctic biome continues to accelerate, parasite communities are also expected to change (Kutz et al., 2009). Already, the Cana-dian Arctic Tundra climate region has experienced an observed warming trend of 2.1 C in annual temperature since observations =B49D9F0B-1, ac-ance of pa f trophic i tions in the Arctic, including host–parasite relationship (Im Fuglei, 2005). Parasites are also known to play a part in des ing some host populations (Anderson and May, 1978), and combined with environmental change, parasitism could have an additive negative effect on arctic fox populations. Also, red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations continue to expand northward, creat-ing opportunity for interspecific competition and transmission of parasites from southern canid populations (Hersteinsson and McDonald, 1982). Early parasitological studies of arctic foxes in North America were primarily focused on detection of Echinococcus multilocularis