RESEARCH ARTICLE lc n

Nephrolithiasis is the condition marked by the develop-ment of renal stones. Renal stones are aggregates of crystals that are formed in supersaturated urine [1]. Cal-cium oxalate may occur as multiple stones or may recur, can induce pain with both passage and obstruction, and is commonly caused by treatable metabolic disorders of hypercalciuria [2]. It appears as a complex disease that may develop change-able clinical manifestations [3]. Despite the increasing prevalence of the disease in China, little research is available for indicating the mechanism and prophylaxis for renal calculus in detail. It has already known that exposure to high levels of oxalate and calcium oxalate crystals can induce oxidative stress such as an increase in free radical generation, in-creased lipid peroxidation, a decrease in cellular anti-oxidant status and an increase in phospholipase-A2 (PLA2)-induced release of arachidonic acid [4-6]. Sustained exposure to high levels of oxalate or calcium oxalate crystals injures the cells [7]. Mitochondria have * Correspondence