Breakfast Frequency and Development of Metabolic Risk

OBJECTIVEdThe relation of breakfast intake frequency to metabolic health is not well stud-ied. The aim of this study was to examine breakfast intake frequency with incidence of metabolic conditions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSdWe performed an analysis of 3,598 partici-pants from the community-basedCoronary Artery RiskDevelopment in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who were free of diabetes in the year 7 examination when breakfast and dietary habits were assessed (1992–1993) and participated in at least one of the five subsequent follow-up exami-nations over 18 years. RESULTSdRelative to those with infrequent breakfast consumption (0–3 days/week), partic-ipants who reported eating breakfast daily gained 1.9 kg less weight over 18 years (P = 0.001). In a Cox regression analysis, there was a stepwise decrease in risk across conditions in frequent breakfast consumers (4–6 days/week) and daily consumers. The results for incidence of abdom-inal obesity, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension remained significant after adjust-ment for baseline measures of adiposity (waist circumference or BMI) in daily breakfast consumers. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % CIs for daily breakfast consumption were as follows