Research Article NCK2 Is Significantly Associated with Opiates Addiction in African-Origin Men

permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Substance dependence is a complex environmental and genetic disorder with significant social and medical concerns. Understanding the etiology of substance dependence is imperative to the development of effective treatment and prevention strategies. To this end, substantial effort has been made to identify genes underlying substance dependence, and in recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have led to discoveries of numerous genetic variants for complex diseases including substance dependence. Most of the GWAS discoveries were only based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a single dichotomized outcome. By employing both SNP- and gene-basedmethods of analysis, we identified a strong (odds ratio = 13.87) and significant (P value = 1.3