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The liver constitutes a relatively immu-noprivileged microenvironment, as demonstrated by the fact that it accepts antigenic material (bacterial components and food antigens through blood supply from the portal vein) in the absence of immune responses, as well as by the rela-tively high rate of acceptance of allogeneic transplants, in many species including humans.1 In addition, the liver is the site of persistence of common pathogens including the hepatitis B and C viruses, which exploit the relative immunologi-cal tolerance of this organ.1 Cancer cells may also take advantage of the immu-noregulatory mechanisms that are estab-lished in the liver. Indeed, the liver is one of the most common sites of metastatic dissemination. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver metastases from colorectal cancer (LM-CRC) are the main malignancies affecting the liver and are among the most common cancers and leading causes of cancer mortality.2,3 Curative treatment options, like liver resection, liver trans-plantation and image-guided percuta-neous ablation, are limited to very early T-cell suppression mediated by regulatory T cells infiltrating hepatic tumors can be overcome by GITRL treatment Alexander Pedroza-Gonzalez,1, * Jaap Kwekkeboom1 and Dave sprengers2,* 1Department of Gastroenterology and hepatology; erasmus MC-university Medical Center; rotterdam, the Netherlands; 2Department of Gastroenterology and hepatology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam, the Netherland