EUROPEAN JOURNAL

Full list of author information is available at the end of the articleand postmenopausal women is rising as the population ages, thereby adding to societal problems of health [1]. Osteoporosis affects 200 million people worldwide. Among those affected, approximately 80 % are women aged 60 years or older [2]. Current treatment of osteo-porosis is mainly by drugs, but it is high cost, time con-suming, the drugs have many side effects, and the curative effect is not ideal. In recent years, more and Mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to differenti-ate into the osteoblasts [3] or repair bone tissue by the lineage or chondrocyte differentiation method [4]. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, suppresses the coupled process of skeletal turnover. OPG functions as a decoy re-ceptor for osteoclast differentiation factor or as a receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) ligand [5]. Osteo-clast differentiation factor promotes bone resorption by enhancing the formation and activation of osteoclasts when it binds to RANK on hematopoietic osteoclast pro-* Correspondence