RESEARCH ARTICLE GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk in Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) enzymes are in-volved in conjugation of electrophilic compounds to glutathi-one, and glutathione S-transferase T 1 (GSTT1) and glutathione S-transferase M 1 (GSTM1) polymorphisms have been implicated as risk factors for prostate cancer. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to define the effect of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes on prostate cancer risk in Asians. We searched the PubMed and Wanfang Medical databases to identify published case–control studies investigating the associations of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes with risk of prostate cancer in Asians. Heterogene-ity was assessed using Cochran’s Q statistic and odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) from individual studies were pooled using fixed or random effects models according to the heterogeneity. There were 18 studies (2,046 cases, 2,876 controls) on GSTM1 polymor-phism, 15 studies (1,677 cases, 2,431 controls) on GSTT1 polymorphism, and 6 studies (675 cases, 853 controls) on GSTM1/GSTT1 interaction analysis. Overall, GSTM1 null genotype was significantly associated with increased risk of prostate cancer in Asians (random effects OR 1.80, 95 % CI 1.48–2.18, P<0.001), and GSTT1 null genotype was also significantly associated with increased risk of prostate cancer in Asians (random effects OR 1.40, 95 % CI 1.10–1.80, P<0.001). In addition, the GSTM1/GSTT dual null genotype was associated with higher risk of prostate cancer in Asians (random effects OR 2.14, 95 % CI 1.59–2.89, P=0.007). In conclusion, GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes are associat-ed with increased risk of prostate cancer in Asians, and GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes are risk factors for the development of prostate cancer