which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Association between Abacus Training and Improvement in Response Inhibition: A Case-control Study

Objective: The abacus, first used in Asian countries more than 800 years ago, enables efficient arithmetic calculation via visuo-spatial configuration. We investigated whether abacus-trained children performed better on cognitive tasks and demonstrated higher levels of arithmetic abilities compared to those without such training. Methods: We recruited 75 elementary school children (43 abacus-trained and 32 not so trained). Attention, memory, and arith-metic abilities were measured, and we compared the abacus with the control group. Results: Children who had learned to use an abacus committed fewer commission errors and showed better arithmetic ability than did controls. We found no significant differences between children with and without abacus training in other areas of attention. Conclusion: We speculate that abacus training improves response inhibition via neuroanatomical alterations of the areas that regulate such functions. Further studies are needed to confirm the association between abacus training and better respons