The Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a disorder of energy utilization and storage, manifests as a cluster of conditions such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and altered glucose metabolism, which increases the risk of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovas-cular diseases (CVD). A lifestyle that consists of overeating, high-calorie food intake, and no or irregular physical activity is a risk factor for developing MetS. Therefore, treatment for MetS comprises regular physical activity, diet modification to reduce weight and/or blood glucose, and the use of lipid-lowering drugs. Recently, evidence is emerging that innate and/or adaptive inflammatory responses might be associated with MetS [1]. Obese people with MetS have higher concentrations of circulating inflammatory markers [2]. Nevertheless, the incidence of CVD is also found to be higher in patients with inflammatory diseases such as asthma [3] or rheumatoid arthritis [4]. It has been show