locate immediately upstream of a transcription start site existing TFBSs have the potential to affect cis-regulatory

Full list of author information is available at the end of the article(TSS) and have a variety of sequence motifs that partici-pate in gene regulation [2]. The key elements include tran-scription factor binding sites (TFBSs), short tandem repeat (STR), G-quadruplex (G4), and CpG island (CGI), which are frequently co-localized and otherwise integrated into combined motifs. Given these cis-regulatory DNA activity [3,4]. Throughout the last decade, empirical data have accumulated suggesting that mutations in regula-tory elements could be a major cause of phenotypic divergence [5-7]. Recent studies have shown that eukaryotic promoters are rich in repetitive sequences — approximately 25 % of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genes contain at least one STR * Correspondence: habe2031@gmail.comlatory sequences in complex genomes [1]. They generallytranscription. Much evidence has emerged showing that structural and/or contextual changes in regulatory elements can critically affect cis-regulatory activity. As sequence motifs can be key factors in maintaining comple