INVITED SPEAKER PRESENTATION Open Access Invasive neurostimulation

Chronic migraine afflicts 1-5 % of the global population and poses a substantial burden on subjects ’ quality of life and on health services utilization [1]. Although most patients benefit from abortive and preventive drugs, a subgroup of patients remains refractory to treatment. Refractory chronic migraine is one of the greatest chal-lenges in headache medicine and, in these patients, inva-sive techniques should be considered. In the past 20 years neuromodulatory approaches, already proved effective in other chronic pain syndromes, have been increasingly used for refractory primary headaches. Neuromodulation, a reversible and adjustable manipula-tion of pain pathways is an evidence-based invasive treat-ment for chronic pain conditions and it may be applied t