High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses: Towards a Better Understanding of the Mechanisms of Viral Transformation, Latency and Immune-Escape

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) cause mucosal epithelial malignancies, most notably cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer of the uterine cervix. Prophylactic vaccines based on the L1 capsid proteins of the most prevalent HR-HPV types have been commercialized, and recent studies have shown that cross-neutralization epitopes are present in the L2 minor capsid protein of HR-HPVs, thus giving hope for the prevention of many HPV-associated cancers. However, the high prevalence of HPV infections worldwide and the morbidity and mortality associated with them warrant further research to improve our understanding of HPV pathogenesis, and to develop new generations of prophylactic vaccines and effective immunotherapy strategies. Furthermore, there is a need for a better understanding of the virus life cycle an